whats on my desk

what’s on my desk quick post to check in and say happy tuesday. its 52 degrees and sunny and theres a high of 73 degrees tomorrow. i havent shared pictures of my new room at east campus yet so here are some pictures, because its sunny in my room right now. yeah, i use a standing desk sometimessurprisingly enough its nice to not be sitting down all day. heres a closer look at the bookshelf in the corner: my room was missing the standard-issue bookshelf when i moved in, but it did for some reason have a second desk. it turns out that if you turn a desk on its side, it makes a pretty serviceable bookshelf and doubles as a nice little reading corner. the blankets on the floor are on top of a standard foam mattress topper (i think theyre about $20 on amazon); i dont usually sleep on the floor but its nice to know that i could if i wanted to. thats all for now back to my cms.701 reading assignment,  evgeny morozovs manifesto on how  the internet isnt all its hyped up to be. excerpt from the intro: The best and brightest are now also the geekiest. The Google Doctrine the enthusiastic belief in the liberating power of technology accompanied by the irresistible urge to enlist Silicon Valley start-ups in the global fight for freedomis of growing appeal to many policymakersWhat could possibly go wrong here? As it turns out, quite a lot. Once burst, stock bubbles have few lethal consequences; democracy bubbles, on the other hand, could easily lead to carnage. The idea that the Internet favors the oppressed rather than the oppressor is marred by what I call cyber-utopianism: a naive belief in the emancipatory nature of online communication that rests on a stubborn refusal to acknowledge its downside. Failing to anticipate how authoritarian governments would respond to the Internet, cyber-utopians did not predict how useful it would prove for propaganda purposes, how masterfully dictators would learn to use it for surveillance, and how sophisticated modern systems of Internet censorship would become. Instead most cyber-utopians stuck to a populist account of how technology empowers the peoplein their refusal to see the downside of the new digital environment, cyber-utopians ended up belittling the role of the Internet, refusing to see that it penetrates and reshapes all walks of political life, not just the ones conducive to democratization.

The Role of Conceptual Framework in Accounting - 1606 Words

Introduction: Although conceptual framework standardises the accounting practices by providing the accounting bodies with well-defined financial protocols, it often fails to meet the requirements of different users. The adaptation of standardised financial statements enables the standard setting boards to enhance suitability of the financial standards according to competition in market without creating any legal issues (Beasley, 2010). On other hand, implementation of conceptual framework also reduces government control on financial bodies. However, Hines (1989) conveys that conceptual framework can be used by financial bodies as a strategic tool for reducing the impacts of government intervention and also for modifying the financial standards legally during competition. The current essay deals with analysis of the significance of Hines’s view on the conceptual framework. 2. The Role of The Conceptual Framework in accounting: Jia-shu (2004) proposes that the adaptation of the conceptual framework reduces the effectiveness of financial standards due to the reason being that the accounting requirements of users are different based on their needs. The development of standardised policies protocols increases the complexity in accounting for different users. However, Kalbers (2009) states that the development of the conceptual famework enables the financial entities to modify their financial standards with ease. Implementation of conceptual framework also enhances flexibilityShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Conceptual Framework And Accounting Standards Essay2075 Words   |  9 Pagesand why it is necessary; the role of conceptual framework and accounting standards in external financial reporting; accounting standards that are relevant for the presentation and disclosure of the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income that is disclosed in the Mainfreight Annual Report, and also management judgeme nt and estimates and issues that can arise when used to disclose items. Regulate External Financial Reporting Regulation of accounting information is designed to ensureRead MoreImportance Of Iasb Conceptual Framework981 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Accounting The conceptual framework for accounting is a report of rules which demonstrate commonly established guidance for the evolvement of new reporting practices and for improvement of the already existing ones. The most recognisable and frequently used conceptual framework is invented in 1989 by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). (Financial accounting, p7 Pearson). The Conceptual Framework also discusses the question about the importance of characteristic of handfulRead MoreRelation Between Ifrs And Conceptual Framework Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesto conflicts between IFRS and conceptual framework, this easy is going to explore the debate around the purpose and status of IASBs conceptual framework. The first section is about background knowledge. I am going to introduce some context of the conceptual framework and basic conception of conceptual framework: 1 what is IASB 2 what is conceptual framework 3 what is IFRS. These are the basic knowledge which should be introd uced before exploring the debate of conceptual work. After that, the relationshipRead MoreThe Impact Of Conceptual Framework On Relation Of International Accounting Standards1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe development of accounting standards and rules is based upon conceptual framework which is part of system of financial reporting. These standards set the nature, function and limits of financial account and financial statement. In line with the suggestion of Reichel and Ramey (1987), conceptual framework is described as a set of broad ideas and principles taken from relevant fields of enquiry and used to structure a subsequent presentation. This reflects the items such as equity, expenses, incomeRead MoreEthics and Conceptual Framework Paper1333 Words   |  6 PagesEthics and Conceptual Framework Paper Conceptual Framework There are two major philosophies in accounting consisting of a principles-based system for accounting and a rules-based system for accounting. The following discussion will speak about these two philosophies and will define one as being a best fit for encompassing the role of ethics and the conceptual framework. The conceptual framework was established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and is used to help define the boundariesRead MoreEvaluation And Disclosure Of Information Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial statements, the accompanying notes and accounting policies of MFT Ltd for the year 2014. This essay will pay specific interest to the application of the conceptual framework of accounting to the relevant Accounting Standards (NZ IAS 1, NZ IAS 7, NZ IAS 8 and NZ IAS 10). The report will comment on why it is essential to regulate external financial reporting by Mainfreight. The second part will discuss the role of conceptual framework to accounting standards in external financial reporting inRead MoreIntroduction To Australian Accounting Standards Board1043 Words   |  5 Pages Accounting Abstract Accounting has been playing a very important role in many places such as Australian accounting standards. Australian accounting standards is also developed by the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB). This essay will firstly discuss what AASB is, the role and the functions of AASB. And then, following this, the other projects’ role such as Financial Reporting Council (FRC) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the relationship between AASB, FRC andRead More7101AFE Financial Accounting Theory And Practice Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿7101AFE Financial Accounting Theory and Practice Tutorial Questions for Tutorials 1- 6: Semester 1 2015 TUTORIAL 1 - Semester 1 2015 Deegan Topic 1: Introduction to financial accounting theory QUESTION 1 – Question 1.2: If you developed a theory to explain how a person’s cultural background influences how they prepare financial statements, would you have developed a positive theory or a normative theory? The first of all, it is important to understand the mean by a ‘theory’. According to ContemporaryRead MoreConceptual Frameworks And The Conceptual Framework1497 Words   |  6 Pagesworking ability of the conceptual framework projects, it is imperative to have a clear idea about what exactly are conceptual frameworks and how they work. An argument to this statement can have both sides supporting and rejecting the use of conceptual framework project regarding its context and the time of their usage. In a situation, they might come in handy, in other they can prove to be completely useless by not meeting the generating accounting standard. â€Å"A conceptual framework is a coherent systemRead MoreDefinition And Format Of Conceptual Framework1564 Words   |  7 PagesIn the following question conceptual framework will be examined, firstly the critical definition and format of conceptual framework will be reviewed. Which is then follow by its general benefit and limitation of this method. Secondly the limitation and benefit of a single framework in developing accounting standard is discussed in relation to their economy culture and language. Finally there will be a summarise answer to the question above The term conceptual framework can be describe as a coherent

The Classical Greek And Roman Education - 1256 Words

As middle ages came to an end the feudal system decayed, the western world embarked on a transformation that would forever alter its identity. A profound change of ideologies in art, culture and intellect sparked a revolution that dismantled medieval society and propelled European culture into the modern era. This cultural and intellectual movement began primarily in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe. The period of innovative change is called The Renaissance. The word Renaissance originates from the French word, rebirth. The Renaissance is considered a crucial and pivotal period in Western Civilization. The cultural phenomena took hold of practically every facet of society. However, it was largely considered a time of the resurgence of the classical Greek and Roman education and wisdom which many believed were lost to the Middle Ages. Italian scholars believed the middle ages to be a dark time, a time considered a period of stagnation in which education, literature, and t he arts did not progress and declined. Humanism was the intellectual movement of the Renaissance period, in which individuals concentrated on life in the present rather than life after death. Two major works from the period of the Renaissance, at different ends of the spectrum, illustrated this new way of thinking; a self-consciousness to the here and now as opposed to the predominating theme or focus of the Middle Ages, the afterlife. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the DignityShow MoreRelatedEssay about Latin Literature in History1232 Words   |  5 PagesLatin Literature in History Greek literature was one of the numerous Greek accomplishments from which Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a mans rhetoric, his ability to push the buttons of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the mans rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Romes imperialization, identicalRead MoreGreek Women And Roman Women1102 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in Classical Antiquity† by Sarah B. Pomeroy The title of this book, â€Å"Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves† is written in order of the ranking of women. In classical antiquity, in some aspects, a whore had more freedom and rights than a married upper-class woman. This alone is evidence of the degree that women in classical antiquity were oppressed. Classical Greek Athenian women and Roman women had similarities in their life styles and expectations to become wives and mothers, but Roman womenRead More Latin Literature In History Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature in History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Greek literature was one of the numerous Greek accomplishments from which Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a man’s rhetoric, his ability to â€Å"push the buttons† of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the man’s rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Rome’s imperialization, identicalRead More Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesof Neoclassicism. This Neoclassicism of the mid eighteenth to mid nineteenth centuries is one that valued ancient Greek, Roman, and Etruscan artistic ideals. These ideals, including order, symmetry, and balance, were considered by many European generations to be the highest point of artistic excellence. Although many movements in European art were largely devoid of classical characteristics, they were always looked to as sources of inspiration and were revived as significant movements at Read MoreHumanism the Gateway to Individualism530 Words   |  3 Pagesbelieved that the Greek and Latin classics contained all the lessons one needed to lead a moral and effective life and were the best models for a person to live by. They developed a new kind of classical scholarship, with which they corrected and tried to understand the works of the Greeks and Romans, which was important to them. Both the republic elites of Florence and Venice, and the ruling families of Milan, Ferrara, and Urbino hired humanists to teach their children classical morality and to writeRead MoreThe History of the Western World from 500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.1178 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod starts in the fall of the Roman Empire which witnessed decay everywhere . The weight of poverty, insecurity and isolation was too great to permit the production of literary artistic and scholarly master pieces. There was little cultural creativity in Europe in the 1000A.D to the latter part of the middle ages when intellectual development began to flower during the renaissance which began in 1300 A.D. Renaissance was realized by reviving the ancient Greek and roman learning. This saw the transformationRead MoreClassical Societies : China, Athens, And Rome Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Societies: China, Athens, and Rome: Review of Social, Economic, Political, and Cultural Situations The three areas of classical civilizations developed their cultural beliefs, lifestyles, political institutions, and social structures. However, there were significant similarities among them. Patriarchal values thrived in these civilizations. The male dominated family structure with loyalty and obedience heavily stressed in China s homes. Chinas Patriarchal society reinforced by ConfucianRead MoreItalian Renaissance Italy Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pagesattitudes and a â€Å"new conception of life itself† emerged, deeply contrasting the attitudes and ideals of the previous Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance, which occurred during the fourteenth and fifteenth century, was a complete â€Å"rebirth† of Greco-Roman culture and values. Subsequently, it marked an era of great erudition and broad-mindedness, wherein Italians discovered a profound admiration for artistry and philosophical reasoning, leading to a monumental political, scientific, cultural, and intellectualRea d More Justinian I Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesfinal end of the Roman Empire. It was the establishment of the New Byzantine empire. It was also the beginning of Western Europe’s unique position within the civilization of the old world. The religion of Islam spread and the Franks rose to power (The Reign of Justinian). Among other things, Justinian’s rule saw a flourishment in the areas of architecture, the arts, and literature. It was a time of re-building for the empire. Justinian pursued an ambitious dream of restoring the old Roman Empire. In factRead MoreGreece And Rome : Models For The U.s. Constitution1564 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussions, it became apparent that two previously governing bodies stood, in their opinions, above the rest: The Greek and Roman empires. Their governmental practices and virtues were key in the development of the Constitution, as they were dissected, and eventually, emulated by this country’s founding members. ​America’s somewhat early history (1760-1790) primarily showed signs of the Greek language and culture’s widespread popularity by reason of its core values and teachings. The nine major colonial

Healthcare Education Free Essays

What are some of the barriers and limitations to the transition from one level of care to another? Successful transition of patients from one care level to another is normal and of great importance. Patients who receive good aftercare after inpatient treatment come out much stronger and with low rates of readmission. However in many cases this is not the case hence posing the patients to health risk. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the barriers and limits to these transitions include financial constrains, low levels of knowledge and lack of adequate advice to the patients by the health professionals. Ignorance on the side of the people or the professionals also plays a big role. Education and creation of awareness to the general public on the importance of this transition is paramount in that it reduces the risks involved at the various levels (Holloway, 2008). Lack of a clear policy on ways to improve care such as transition care support and voluntary sharing of information on the issue is big obstacle to successful care transition. For elderly, care transitions can usually lead to medication related complications and significantly reduced life span or quality. These calls for devoted efforts by the relevant parties to develop and put in place the necessary tools and initiatives to ensure improved transition. It should be noted that the impact of human error in medicine is unclear since the risk in the health care are based on the disease itself, the desired medicine and the way of medication (Holloway, 2008). This means that transition with medication to be administered without clear guideline may create a bigger problem. The transition problems call for well structured aftercare sessions to refer patients to. Since the human health is always at risk, it is important to ensure that patients actively engage in any prescribed treatment. This include making sure they are entered into the right level of treatment and equipped with the necessary information useful during treatment to ensure motivation and hence avoid relapse. Successful transition to care is the first step towards good health and should always be emphasized. Reference Holloway, D. , (2008). Transitions from one Level of Care to Another. Retrieved on 30th July 2009 from, http://cnx. org/content/m12716/latest/ How to cite Healthcare Education, Papers

The Crucible Essay Example For Students

The Crucible Essay The Crucible is a play about a terrible period in American history. False accusations of witchcraft by some devious girls gradually take possession of the sleepy town of Salem. Before the play is over, good people of gentle nature and responsible temper are condemning other good people to the gallows and everyone attacks one another. The terrible ordeal ends in tragedy as tens of innocent people lose their lives whilst the guilty girls remain intact. Staging: In this version of the play the director decided to use an in the round stage design where we as the audience were sat round in a square round the main action of the play. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The playhouse had raked seating a lower ground and a balcony, we sat down in the lower level which I felt was better for viewing the play rather than up in the balcony as they all looked rather uncomfortable as they had to lean right over the edge to look down. The play being in the round was appropriate for that style of drama. The fly on the wall effect was very distinct and I truly felt like I was in the scene with them as they went along. Our close proximity meant that it was a very intimate venue and we felt involved. I could literally reach out and touch the actors. This intimacy was particularly effective later on in the play when due to our seating arrangement around the stage we felt like a jury seated around judging the convictions of the witches in the courtroom. Set Design: In the play the director decided to use four different sets. 1. The Reverend Parris house 2. John Procters Shack 3. Courtroom 4. Jail Room Lighting: The lighting in the play was quite stunning in some of the scenes. The play began with the cast chanting in the dark where the only light source were the candles they held, this was very effective in casting a very dark, ethereal effect which added to the tragic feel to the whole play. Throughout the play the cast continued to use candles which they appropriately put out at certain times to cast the whole room into darkness, particularly effective when the witches were summoning the dark spirits. Another nice idea that I thought was quite effective was when the witches began talking to God and tried to rid themselves of their evil spirits as they did so they looked up heavenwards and flayed out their arms and as they did so a strong beam of light fell upon them symbolizing the lights from the heavens. This was particularly effective in juxtaposing the original dark evil of the girls and suddenly exposing them in this bright, white light. The final touch that they added with the lights was a shadow system in the last scene. This scene was meant to be a prison cell and instead of big props to symbolise this, the director chose to have the lighting rigged so that it cast a shadow as if light was shining through the bars of the prison windows. This was simple yet effective because it meant there were no props resembling the bars of the cell to obstruct our view. Sound Effects: There werent many sound effects used in the play as the director obviously relied on the actors skills at acting in conveying any settings or scene changes. However they did use one sound effect, which I thought was absolutely vital for me. In the second scene, in John Proctors cottage, I was confused as to where this place actually was, it was only the chirping of the birds in the background and the general forest noises that told me this was in the woods or nearby in the vicinity. I felt that without that I may have lost the plot a bit in that scene, trying to work out, where the actors were meant to be, .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b , .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .postImageUrl , .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b , .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b:hover , .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b:visited , .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b:active { border:0!important; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b:active , .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33136d5d62689e884ab34ae89d51f80b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medieval Literature, i.e., Anglo-Saxon Poetry, English Drama with Morality Plays EssayCostume: Acting and Character Interaction: John Procter: A thirty something man, John Procter came across as rather tired, grumpy and rude towards his wife. It seemed that he didnt appreciate her from the way he spoke in harsh, short sentences and constantly flying off the handle, when she didnt satisfy him. It was only as the play developed, we realised that he was only gruff with her because he was embarrassed that he had done a terrible thing (had an affair) and she still loved him and had forgiven him. When his wife is taken away, John Procter becomes protective of her and begins to show his true love for her. He criticises anyone who says a bad word about her. Procter was rather tall and burly and he used this to his advantage by threatening people to get what he wanted. He often raised his voice and often looked discontent by either wrinkling up his nose in disgust or turning beetroot red which we knew was a sign he was going to start shouting. I felt he was not someone who really understood his emotions properly and certainly never liked to let his soft side be exposed. For the majority of the audience the play went down a treat and everyone really enjoyed themselves. Overall I really enjoyed the play, but I felt that not all my friends were of the same opinion, they became rather restless quickly and kept talking through which was incredibly aggravating. Perhaps the topic is not really gripping for the younger audience and come to think of it perhaps it wasnt because a lot of the language was difficult to interpret but I didnt seem to have too much of a problem which is probably the reason I enjoyed it because I didnt have to waste time working it out before hand.

Child Marriage Facts and Causes

Child Marriage Facts and Causes The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (among other charters and conventions) all directly or indirectly forbid the degrading and mistreatment of girls inherent in child marriage. Nevertheless, child marriage is common in many parts of the world, claiming millions of victims annuallyand hundreds of thousands of injuries or deaths resulting from abuse or complications from pregnancy and childbirth. Facts About Child Marriage According to the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), 100 million girls will be married before the age of 18 in the coming decade. Most will be in sub-Saharan Africa and the Asian Subcontinent (Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh). In Niger, for example, 77% of women in their early 20s were married as children. In Bangladesh, 65% were. Child marriage also occurs in parts of the Middle East, including Yemen and the rural Maghreb. In the United States, child marriage is still permissible in some states, with parental or judicial consent.Globally, according to UNICEF, 36% of women aged 20 to 24 were married or in a union, forced or consensual, before theyd reached 18.An estimated 14 million girls between the ages of 15 and 19 give birth each year. They are twice as likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth than women in their 20s.Girls who marry between the ages of 10 and 14 are five times as likely to die during pregnancy or childbirth as women in their early 20s. Causes of Child Marriage Child marriage has many causes: cultural, social, economic and religious. In many cases, a mixture of these causes results in the imprisonment of children in marriages without their consent. Poverty: Poor families sell their children into marriage either to settle debts or to make some money and escape the cycle of poverty. Child marriage fosters poverty, however, as it ensures that girls who marry young will not be properly educated or take part in the workforce.Protecting the girls sexuality: In certain cultures, marrying a girl young presumes that the girls sexuality, therefore the girls familys honor, will be protected by ensuring that the girl marries as a virgin. The imposition of family honor on a girls individuality, in essence, robbing the girl of her honor and dignity, undermines the credibility of family honor and instead underscores the presumed protections actual aim: to control the girl.Gender discrimination: Child marriage is a product of cultures that devalue women and girls and discriminate against them. The discrimination, according to a UNICEF report on Child Marriage and the Law, often manifests itself in the form of domestic violence, marital rape, a nd deprivation of food, lack of access to information, education, healthcare, and general impediments to mobility. Inadequate laws: Many countries such as Pakistan have laws against child marriage. The laws are not enforced. In Afghanistan, a new law was written into the countrys code enabling Shiite, or Hazara, communities to impose their own form of family lawincluding permitting child marriage.​Trafficking: Poor families are tempted to sell their girls not just into marriage, but into prostitution, as the transaction enables large sums of money to change hands. Individual Rights Denied by Child Marriage The Convention on the Rights of the Child is designed to guarantee certain individual rightswhich are abused by early marriage. Rights undermined or lost by children forced to marry early are: The right to an education.The right to be protected from physical and mental violence, injury or abuse, including sexual abuse, rape, and sexual exploitation.The right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health.The right to rest and leisure, and to participate freely in cultural life.The right to not be separated from parents against the childs will.The right to protection against all forms of exploitation affecting any aspect of the child’s welfare.The right to eventual employment. Case Study: A Child Bride Speaks The 2006 Nepal Report on Child Marriage includes the following testimony from a child bride: I was married to a nine-year-old boy when I was three. At that point of time, I was unaware of marriages. I dont even remember my marriage event. I just remember that as I was too young and was unable to walk and they had to carry me and bring me over to their place. Getting married at an early age, I was destined to suffer a lot of hardships. I had to carry water in a small clay-pot in the mornings. I had to sweep and swap the floor every day. Those were the days when I wanted to eat good food and wear pretty clothes. I used to feel very hungry, but I had to be satisfied with the amount of food that I was provided. I never got to eat enough. I sometimes secretly ate corns, soybeans, etc that used to grow in the field. And if I was caught eating, my in-laws and husband would beat me up accusing me of stealing from the field and eating. Sometimes the villagers used to give me food and if my husband and in-laws found out, they used to beat me up accusing me of stealing food from the house. They used to give me one black blouse and a cotton sari torn into two pieces. I had to wear these for two years. Never did I get other accessories like petticoats, belts etc. When my saris got torn, I used to patch them up and continue wearing them. My husband married three times after me. At present, he lives with his youngest wife. Since I married at an early age, early child-delivery was inevitable. As a result, I now have severe back problems. I used to weep a lot and consequently, I faced problems with my eyes and had to undergo an eye operation. I often think that if I had the power to think like I do now, I would never go to that house. I also wish I had not given birth to any children. Retrospective sufferings make me wish not to see my husband again. Nevertheless, I do not want him to die because I dont want to lose my marital status.

The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke The Regents of the University of California v. Allan Bakke (1978), was a landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court. The decision had historical and legal significance because it upheld affirmative action, declaring that race could be one of several determining factors in college admission policies, but rejected the use of racial quotas. Fast Facts: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Case Argued: Oct. 12, 1977Decision Issued: June 26, 1978Petitioner: Regents of the University of CaliforniaRespondent: Allan Bakke, a 35-year-old white man who had applied twice for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis and was rejected both timesKey Question: Did the University of California violate the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an affirmative action policy that resulted in the repeated rejection of Bakkes application for admission to its medical school?Majority Decision: Justices Burger, Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Blackman, Powell, Rehnquist, StevensDissenting: Justice WhiteRuling: The Supreme Court upheld affirmative action, ruling that race could be one of several determining factors in college admission policies, but it rejected the use of racial quotas as unconstitutional. Case History In the early 1970s, many colleges and universities across America were in the beginning stages of making major changes to their admissions programs in an effort to diversify the student body by increasing the number of minority students on campus. This effort was particularly challenging due to the 1970s massive increase of students applying to medical and law schools. It increased the competition and negatively impacted the efforts to create campus environments that promoted equality and diversity. Admission policies that relied predominantly on candidates grades and test scores was an unrealistic approach for the schools that wanted to increase the minority population on campus.   Dual Admission Programs In 1970, the University of California Davis School of Medicine (UCD) was receiving 3,700 applicants for a mere 100 openings. At the same time, UCD administrators were committed to working with an affirmative action plan often referred to as a quota or set-aside program. It was set up with two admissions programs in order to increase the number of disadvantaged students admitted to the school.  There was the regular admissions program and the special admissions program.Each year 16 out of 100 places were reserved for disadvantaged students and minorities including (as stated by the university), blacks, Chicanos, Asians, and American Indians. Regular Admissions Program Candidates who quailed for the regular admissions program had to have an undergraduate grade point average (GPA) above 2.5. Some of the qualifying candidates were then interviewed. Those who passed were given a score based on their performance on the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT), science grades, extracurricular activities, recommendations, awards and other criteria that made up their benchmark scores. An admissions committee would then make a decision on which candidates would be accepted into the school. Special Admissions Program Candidates accepted into the special admissions programs were minorities or those who were economically or educationally disadvantaged. The special admissions candidates did not have to have a grade point average above 2.5 and they did not compete with the benchmark scores of the regular admission applicants.   From the time that the dual admissions program was implemented the 16 reserved spots were filled by minorities, despite the fact that many white applicants applied for the special disadvantaged program. Allan Bakke In 1972, Allan Bakke was a 32-year-old white male working as an engineer at NASA, when he decided to pursue his interest in medicine. Ten years earlier, Bakke had graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in mechanical engineering and a grade-point average of 3.51 out of 4.0 and was asked to join the national mechanical engineering honor society. He then joined the U.S. Marine Corps for four years which included a seven-month combat tour of duty in Vietnam. In 1967, he became a captain and was given an honorable discharge. After leaving the Marines he went to work for National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) as a research engineer.   Bakke continued going to school and in June 1970, he earned his masters degree in mechanical engineering, but despite this, his interest in medicine continued to grow. He was missing some of chemistry and biology courses required for admission into medical school so he attended night classes at San Jose State University and Stanford University. He completed all the prerequisites and had an overall GPA of 3.46. During this time he worked part-time as a volunteer in the emergency room at El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, California. He scored an overall 72 on the MCAT, which was three points higher than the average applicant to UCD and 39 points higher than the average special program applicant. In 1972, Bakke applied to UCD. His biggest concern was being rejected due to his age. He had surveyed 11 medical schools; all who said that he was over their their age limit. Age discrimination was not an issue in the 1970s. In March he was invited to interview with Dr. Theodore West who described Bakke as a very desirable applicant who he recommended.  Two months later, Bakke received his rejection letter. Angered by how the special admissions program was being managed, Bakke contacted his lawyer, Reynold H. Colvin, who prepared a letter for Bakke to give to the medical schools chairman of the admissions committee, Dr. George Lowrey. The letter, which was sent in late May, included a request that Bakke was placed on the wait-list and that he could register during the fall of 1973 and take courses until an opening became available. When Lowrey failed to reply, Covin prepared a second letter in which he asked the chairman if the special admissions program was an illegal racial quota. Bakke was then invited to meet with Lowreys assistant, 34-year-old Peter Storandt so that the two could discuss why he was rejected from the program and to advise him to apply again. He suggested that if he was rejected again he may want to take UCD to court; Storandt had a few names of lawyers that could possibly help him if he decided to go in that direction. Storandt was later disciplined and demoted for displaying unprofessional behavior when meeting with Bakke. In August 1973, Bakke applied for early admission into UCD. During the interview process, Lowery was the second interviewer. He gave Bakke an 86 which was the lowest score Lowery had given out that year. Bakke received his second rejection letter from UCD at the end of September 1973. The following month, Colvin filed a complaint on Bakkes behalf with HEWs Office of Civil Rights, but when HEW failed to send a timely response, Bakke decided to move forward. On June 20, 1974, Colvin brought suit on behalf of Bakke in Yolo County Superior Court. The complaint included a request that UCD admit Bakke into its program because the special admissions program rejected him because of his race. Bakke alleged that the special admissions process violated the U.S. Constitutions Fourteenth Amendment, the California Constitutions article I, section 21, and Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.   UCDs counsel filed a cross-declaration and asked the judge to find that the special program was constitutional and legal. They argued that Bakke would not have been admitted even if there had been no seats set aside for minorities.   On November 20, 1974, Judge Manker found the program unconstitutional and in violation of Title VI, no race or ethnic group should ever be granted privileges or immunities not given to every other race. Manker did not order to admit Bakke to UCD, but rather that the school reconsiders his application under a system that did not make determinations based on race. Both Bakke and the university appealed the judges ruling. Bakke because it was not ordered that he be admitted to UCD and the university because the special admissions program was ruled unconstitutional.   Supreme Court of California Due to the seriousness of the case, the Supreme Court of California ordered that the appeals be transferred to it. Having gained a reputation as being one of the most liberal appellate courts, it was assumed by many that it would rule on the side of the university. Surprisingly, the court upheld the lower-court ruling in a six to one vote. Justice Stanley Mosk wrote, No applicant may be rejected because of his race, in favor of another who is less qualified, as measured by standards applied without regard to race.   The lone dissenter, Justice Matthew O. Tobriner wrote, It is anomalous that the Fourteenth Amendment that served as the basis for the requirement that elementary and secondary schools be compelled to integrate should now be turned around to forbid graduate schools from voluntarily seeking that very objective. The court ruled that the university could no longer use race in the admissions process. It ordered that the university provide proof that Bakkes application would have been rejected under a program that was not based on race. When the university admitted that it would be unable to provide the proof, the ruling was amended to order Bakkes admission into the medical school.   That order, however, was stayed by U.S. Supreme Court in November 1976, pending the outcome of the petition for a writ of certiorari to be filed by the Regents of the University of California to the U.S. Supreme Court. The university filed a petition for writ of certiorari the following month.